How the Areas of Speech, Language and Communication Skills...

In this essay I will be talking about speech, language and communication skills and how they affect several areas of development. I will talk about the impact of speech, language and communication (SLC) difficulties and how adults can support children and extend their SLC. I will also talk about the positive effects of adult support and the different levels of speech and language between children entering an early year’s provision. 1.1 Speech means that someone is speaking out loud to inform someone what is on their mind or how they feel. For example, a child telling a practitioner what they did the previous night. Language is a preferred way of communicating with someone. For example, a child may use hand signs as well as using verbal communication, pointing at what they are talking about. Communication is about different methods of telling people information. For example, a child may speak out loud to an adult. Someone who has speech, language and communication needs (SLC needs) has a problem when it comes to communication. This could be because they speak another language which many do not, or they could have learning difficulties which can make it harder to understand many things. 1.2 Speech, language and communication (SLC) skills can support behaviour development in a few different ways. As a child begins to understand language used, they can then begin to understand consequences of their actions and learn from this. For example, a child can begin to learn that ifShow MoreRelatedEymp 5 Support Children’s Speech, Language and Communication.1278 Words   |  6 PagesEYMP 5 Support children’s speech, language and communication. 1.1) Explain each of the terms: †¢ Speech – The act of speaking, verbal communication. The act of expressing or describing thoughts, feelings or ideas by articulate sounds or words. †¢ Language – Method of communication either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured or conventional way. A recognised structured system of gestures, signs and symbols used to communicate. Body of words and the systems for theirRead MoreThe Importance of Speech, Language, and Communication1007 Words   |  5 Pagesthe importance of speech, language and communication for children’s overall development. 1.1 Explain each of the terms: 1.1a Speech The word speech when used in relation to children and young people’s development literally means the act of speaking, verbal communication, or to express thoughts, feelings, or ideas. 1.1b Language The term language refers to an understood, systematic arrangement of signs, symbols and gestures used to communicate. 1.1c Communication To communicateRead MoreChildhood Apraxia Of Speech : A Motor Speech Disorder1715 Words   |  7 PagesApraxia Of Speech (CAS) Childhood apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder. In CAS a child might have problems performing the correct movements for speech due to signaling problems between the brain and the muscles used for speech production. This signaling problem causes the child to have difficulty learning accurate speech movements. Speech movements that a normal developing child learns with ease are difficult for a child with apraxia of speech. The cause of childhood apraxia of speech is unknownRead MoreSpeech Disorders in Children1709 Words   |  7 PagesSpeech disorders in young children are early indicators that give reason to students having difficulty in aspects of cognition. Speech is not only a motor skill, but also a cognitive skill in the form that speech is language that comes from within the brain. â€Å"Speech problems and reading disorders are linked, suggesting that speech problems may potentially be an early marker of later difficulty in associating graphemes with phonemes.† (Foy Mann 2011) The brocoas area of the brain is where speechRead MoreChildren’s Speech, Language, and Communication1750 Words   |  7 PagesSupport children’s speech, language and communication Explanation of speech, language, communication and speech, language and communication needs 1.1 Children and adults use speech, language and communication to interact with others, to help them explore the environment, to make sense of everyday experiences, access information and understand concepts, as well as organise thoughts and formulate ideas and to help them express their own feelings and to understand the feelings of others (ChildrenRead MoreAssessments For Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pagescharacterized by difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concepts. (Classroom-Assessment-Theory-into-Practice, 2012) One in 88 children are diagnosed with autism and the symptoms are usually noticed between the ages of 18 months and 5 years. Typically, autism affects individuals in 5 key areas: Communication (verbal and non-verbal), Social skills, Behaviors, Learning, and Medical issues. Because this disorder has a dramatic impact on a childRead MoreA Study On Human Language Essay971 Words   |  4 PagesWhen we look at nature all animals communicate with each other, from bees and ants to whales and apes, but only humans have developed a language or should I say signs. What is interesting is even our speech differs in a physical way form the communication of another animal. It comes from a cor areas of the brain which serve a particular function for speech processing and production. Professor Jeff Elman said â€Å"The Earth would not be the way it is if humankind didn t have the ability to communicateRead MoreEvaluate The Role Of The Early Years Practitioner In Supporting Childrens Holistic Development Essay806 Words   |  4 PagesBall games helps in the gross motor skills development. Social and emotional development As an early year practitioner, it is very important to support the child development and confidence, help them learn about how to manage their feelings and behaviour and making relationship with others. The EYFS states and practitioners can help parents and children by the following factors: †¢ Encouraging children and families to have a strong cultural identity †¢ Respecting and listening to the view of parentsRead MoreAnalysis on Jacks Speech Impairment1036 Words   |  4 PagesArea to assess Question to be answered Rationale Methodology Criteria †¢ Hearing †¢ Is there any hearing loss present? †¢ Are any previous/current/ongoing condition such as ottis Media, glue ear, etc†¦ that is/are effecting Jack’s hearing? †¢ Any concerns of future hearing problems? †¢ Hearing problems such as hearing loss, Otis media, and etc... will have a negative effect on speech language. †¢ Identify the relationship between the Jack’s level of speech, language and communication and hearingRead MoreCyp Core 3.2 Promote Child and Young Person Development Essay1256 Words   |  6 PagesPROMOTE CHILD AND YOUNG PERSON DEVELOPMENT 1.1 When assessing you need to take account of a range of factors: 1. Confidentiality must be kept at all times. You must have the senior practitioner’s and/or the parents’ permission before making formal observations of children. Do not to leave confidential material lying around they must be secured in a locked cabinet. Line of reporting-only talk to authorized personal about confidential material. This confidentially can only be broken when a child

No Shave June Privacy Policy - 1480 Words

No-Shave November Privacy Policy This privacy policy has been compiled to better serve those who are concerned with how their Personally identifiable information (PII) is being used online. PII, as used in US privacy law and information security, is information that can be used on its own or with other information to identify, contact, or locate a single person, or to identify an individual in context. Please read our privacy policy carefully to get a clear understanding of how we collect, use, protect or otherwise handle your Personally Identifiable Information in accordance with our website. What personal information do we collect from the people that visit our website? When ordering or registering on our site, as appropriate, you†¦show more content†¦How do we protect visitor information? Our website is scanned on a regular basis for security holes and known vulnerabilities in order to make your visit to our site as safe as possible. We use regular Malware Scanning. Your personal information is contained behind secured networks and is only accessible by a limited number of persons who have special access rights to such systems, and are required to keep the information confidential. In addition, all sensitive/credit information you supply is encrypted via Secure Socket Layer (SSL) technology. We implement a variety of security measures when a user places an order enters, submits, or accesses their information to maintain the safety of your personal information. All transactions are processed through a gateway provider and are not stored or processed on our servers. Do we use cookies ? We do not use cookies for tracking purposes You can choose to have your computer warn you each time a cookie is being sent, or you can choose to turn off all cookies. You do this through your browser (like Internet Explorer) settings. Each browser is a little different, so look at your browser s Help menu to learn the correct way to modify your cookies. If you disable cookies off, some features will be disabled that make your site experience more efficient and some of our services will not function properly. However, you can still place orders. Third Party

How Did Napoleon Become Emperor Free Essays

How did Napoleon become Emperor ‘I was born when Corsica was perishing, 30 000 French men spewed into our shore drowning the throne of liberty in waves of blood’ wrote Napoleon when the French army conquered his home country state of Corsica. Soon after his parents agreed that the impoverished island could give nothing more to their eight children, but only one country could, the one that Napoleon abhorred, France. Carlo, Napoleons father, accepted the overtaking of Corsica and began studying law soon after became a representative of the Corsican Parliament. We will write a custom essay sample on How Did Napoleon Become Emperor or any similar topic only for you Order Now When moved to France, Napoleon at the age of nine was sent to the Royal Military College, where he was to study military strategy for five years. Then at the age of fifteen, he was promoted to the Royal Military Academy in Paris, a highly respected college in France. A year later he starts as a soldier in France’s best artillery squad, but feels unaccomplished because the highest ranks are given to the families of high nobility. But, the French Revolution’s timing opens possibilities to Napoleon that he tough could never of happen, â€Å"to be 20 years old in1789, is very important, Napoleon’s destiny and the destiny of the whole country, become the same. † says Antoine de Baecque. As an artillery Captain at the age of 24, Napoleon was sent to Toulon, where his victory against the British overtaking of the city was an enormous opportunity fro Napoleon the prove himself and rapidly be promoted through the ranks of the French military where there was a vacuum for control cause by the fleeing emigre. Finally Napoleon was promoted. At home the Terror is still going, Napoleon sides with Robespierre’s view that liberty can no survive in France, if the heads of criminals do not roll. â€Å"(Napoleon) hated the terror but he hated chaos even more†, he believed that it was necessary to suspended liberties in the name of liberty. After Robspierre’s death, the Thermidorian assault obligated the government to call on Napoleon, because he was one of the only qualified military leaders still in France, to restore peace in Vendemiaire. We killed a great many of them, now all is quite, I could no be happier† wrote Napoleon to his brother. Finally he was a full general at the age of twenty-six. In less then ten years time he would be emperor of France. Tough his military achievements were key to his popularity and to his visions, luck, propaganda, and social manipulations also played a major role in his path to the top. ‘Great men become great because they have been able to master luck’ said Napoleon, but luck was also to be replaced by genius. In Italy he won multiple battle and obtained the support of the locals in stating that he was freeing them from tyranny and has no problem with the people of Italy only its despots. At this point in time Napoleon won battles after battles and gained moral and economic growth through the spoils of war. But most importantly he sends back propaganda exalting him through his own newspaper, portraits and also art. Napoleon understood that victories were not enough to gain popular popularity so he focused strongly on sending back powerful and extravagant art of him and his victories. The Italian people were getting weary of Napoleons presence since he was still continuously demanding and sending back gold and silver. Moving from Italy to Austria, the Austrians asked to make peace, fearing Napoleons fast pace and unbeatable army, and Napoleon followed the peace agreement personally, enraged form the decline of the Austrian government he shouted ‘this is what will happen to your empire, your empire is like a maid accustomed to being raped by anyone’ simultaneously breaking a porcelain tea set. Finally the Austrians gave in and Napoleon achieved what he wanted. Through this achievement Napoleon saw that his military intelligence was not only limited to battle but to politics. Waiting to go back to France at the right time as an esteemed pioneer and general, Napoleon head to Egypt. There the British fleet sunk Napoleons naval army, the only communication he had back to France. During this dead lock, Napoleon matured and realized he was no invincible. During this time he lead an exposition to decipher the Egyptian past which was a mystery to France. But, back in France his goddess of wife bought a new house and was cheating on Napoleon. His brother sent him a letter telling him this and Napoleon responded by adopting his own Cleopatra. Soon after Turkey declared war on Napoleon. Napoleon after the close victory and thousands of injured and sick men, was too full of pride to admit he was not as victorious as he sent back to France. Adding to his fame and propagandist profession Napoleon was able manipulate words and acts to his favor. Abandoning his army in Egypt Napoleon sets sail fro France to seize the opportunity of his life time, to come home as a hero respected and wanted in the unstable mother land. A coupe was on the rise and Napoleon wanted to be a supporter of this, he believed this was to be an easy transition, but the two classes of the directory had to renew their oath taking hours to complete and Napoleon became impatient and barged in to the meeting place, there he was hated for since it is strictly illegal for outside people to intervene in parliamentary affairs. Shaken Napoleon stuttered over the opportunity of power and Lucien his brother saw this and unsheathed his sword and stated ‘if my brother had any intentions of becoming dictator I’d run him through. Finally the legislators fled and all was over, but later that evening Lucien and his consuls voted that three consuls were to be sworn in, making it legitimate. One of which was Napoleon. Soon Napoleon rewrote the constitution and became head consul, making him the most powerful men in France. Major achievements of Napoleon before he became emperor are: he established a new economy, replacing he curren cy with the Franc, establishing the Bank of France, generalizing and standardizing tax collections, and passing indirect taxation to make France richer. Passed the Concordat, allowing him to control the church in directly through him controlling the priest’s paycheck, owning the church land and integrating Church and State. Establishing his Civil Code which is still France’s basis for government today. Also between 1801-1803 he used military funds to locally improve France through creating jobs for the unemployed and improving the esthetic and moral look of France creating a ‘feel good’ era for France. In total Napoleon is a military genius, foreign policies diplomat, socially accepted and wanted as ruler, reversed the economic path of France and its debt, all before he became emperor. France was content with the position it was in more power no less power given to Napoleon, but royalist were not happy with the path France was on. On a confused plot the assassinate Napoleon the royalist failed to eradicate the main column supporting France at this time. Through this attempted people were set on the idea of crowning Napoleon their emperor to reduce the possibilities of assassination plots. The pope of Rome was invited to the crowning but did not crown Napoleon, he was there only to legitimatize and justify the crowning. In Notre Dame de Paris Napoleon crowned himself on December 2 1804. How to cite How Did Napoleon Become Emperor, Essay examples

Strategic Management Business Evaluation Approach

Question: Describe about the Strategic Management for Business Evaluation Approach. Answer: Introduction Strategic management is an approach to evaluate, implement as well as formulate managerial decisions in such a way that the organizations can be able to achieve its goals and objectives. In this paper, strategic management of Tesco has been analyzed. Tesco is the largest food retailers in the world with around 2318 stores. This essay represents the discussion about the theoretical concepts of strategic management. With the help of theories of strategic management the managerial decision of Tesco can be evaluated in the essay. Strategic management of Tesco Strategic management is an approach to formulate, implement and evaluate managerial decisions in such a way that the firm can accomplish their business successfully as well as fulfill their aims and objectives (Sadler, 2003). This approach is quite effective in dealing with the huge range of factors which affects the ability of the industry to develop. This approach improves the preparation for unexpected internal demands. It contains strategic formulation, strategic implementation as well as environmental scanning; internally, and externally. This is an approach which concentrates on production, marketing, computer information system, finance and management for achieving organizational goals (Saltzer Kaashoek, 2009). As for example when Tesco begins its business, the management of Tesco set their aims and goals as well as numerous kinds of methods to accomplish all goals (Commodities, 2009). So, strategic management is the approach used by Tesco for achieving its objectives. Tesco is the largest retailer company in the UK, and second largest in the world. This company has more than 2318 stores in around 14 countries and employing over 326000 people. It also offers online services via its subsidiary. The motives of this company are to provide technical as well as superior representations (Jeyarathnam, 2008). The company adds value to its goods and services as well as adds value to its customers by offering an attractive and effective solution to their customers procurement and customers design. This organization provides employment opportunities to numerous individuals at a different level. PESTEL analysis of Tesco For evaluating the managerial decisions and competitive advantage of the firm, there are mainly six forces which Tesco responses in order to influence its managerial decisions (Carroll, 2004). Such forces contain political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors. Political forces As Tesco operates globally with various stores around the world, the firms performance is quite influenced politically as well as by the authorities conditions because every nation has its own rules and regulations (Talen, 2012). For the employment authorization, the authority influences retailers to offer a combination of job opportunities from locally based jobs to highly skilled. Tesco understands that retailing has a huge effect on jobs and people, so for this, the company recruits good amount of citizens in their stores (Yksel, 2012). The political forces influence the specified company to recruit individuals for job opportunities. The examination of political factors has enhanced the organizations profits as it led the company to understand the taxation policies of foreign lands, which has its influence on the operations of the business. Economic forces Economic forces influence Tesco in terms of profits, demands, prices and costs. The high unemployment level is one of the most influential factors on the economy because it reduces the operational demand for various products, unfavorably impacting the demand need to manufacture products (Eriksson, 2010). The recent economic growth has an impact on the purchasing power of buyers which reduces the amount of sales made by Tesco. Moreover, the income level in the UK is relatively inadequate which makes few individuals fail to afford the goods provided by the organization. Social forces There is a quite powerful demographic force in the world as well as local markets. In this, population growth is one of the significant and interesting forces for the marketers in towns, cities etc. Growing population does not create capable markets for the manufactured commodities (Salazar Sawyer, 2007). Apart from population growth, location is another most significant factor which is determined by the marketers because many purchasers are identified in the urban location in comparison to rural location. So, Tesco layouts are strategically located in areas where capable purchasers are strongly targeted. Technological forces In the world of business competition, product and service standardization, as well as their quality, is more preferable by the consumers and those companies gain most consumers. Here, standardization of products or services is improved by technological advancements and Tesco is doing the same (Kash Rycroft, 2002). The speed of technology is quite rapid that the employees of the company are able to learn technological innovations for improving their performance in the organizations. Innovation is quite influential in Tesco which has helped the industry in order to improve its competitive advantage in the entire globe. Environmental force There has been growing campaigns on environmental preservation in the whole world and therefore there are also many organizations are aimed to preserve the environment, as much pollution hazardous to the environment is done by the organizational industries. In order to maintain as well as preserve the environment, Tesco utilizes licensed waste disposal services (Bortman, 2003). The customers are also quite aware of the effects of polluted environment so they purchase goods which have been manufactured by environmental friendly matters. Legal forces In the UK there is competitive legislation which is formed under the Competition Act 1998; this impacts over the behaviors of industries in the country because there is a performance in that they have to compete. It is a demand for the entire industries in the nation in order to stand with the legislation and here Tesco is also included (Verloop, 2013). Tesco actually deals with selling drinks and foods so the company has to stand with the Health and Safety Laws in the nation. SWOT Analysis of Tesco SWOT analysis signifies the internal and external strength of any organizations by observing its strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats; Tesco is also utilizing this analysis for observing its strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats which are as follows: Strengths Tesco is majorly operating numerous stores in the entire world, which help it to begin operating in the global markets in order to gain maximum numbers of consumers (SWOT analysis, 2008). Tesco currently involved in advertising its goods online where its consumers are able to know about products as well as buy it online. The goods produced by Tesco are of the high standard which eventually attracts the maximum numbers of consumers (Joekes Evans, 2008). There also has been modification where Tesco provides clothing as well as food and drinks products which help the organization in order to compete with its competitors. Weakness For distributing the products or services Tesco utilizes much fossil fuel mainly in transporting networking as it is not entirely formed to have shops in every country of the world (Arnould, Price, Zinkhan, 2004). Moreover, Tesco only aims in developed countries by excluding underdeveloped and developing countries which form capable consumers for their goods. Opportunities The current innovation and advancement in technology provide Tesco quite an excellent opportunity for utilizing internet connection for selling its goods. The internet is the maximum utilized technology in Tesco as it is able to gain numerous consumers even in locations where there are no shops (Young, 2002). There is also an opportunity for establishing alliance suppliers for reducing distribution as well as production cost. Associations are more required in the company as it shares resources by do not fear about the risk of any development and growth. Threats Every organization concerned about taxes in the country, same as Tesco concerned about taxes in UK and countries where it has its stores. There is stiff competition in the retailing market which is pretended by Tesco competitors like ASDA and Sainsbury. So innovation and advancement is other organization is a threat for Tesco. Three Strategic Management Theories by Tesco Strategic management theory is basically a system of ideas for explaining the origin, principles, evolution of strategic management. In todays competitive world, strategic management is of great importance for any firm in order to come up with a strategy which will evaluate organizations managerial decisions as well as the competitive advantage (Durand, 2006). The strategic management theory usually is said as the system of ideas that intends to summarize the principles and procedures of strategic management. The three theoretical concept of Strategic Management about Tesco are as follows: Contingency Theory The contingency theory induces the ideas that there are no approaches for managing organizations. It is based on the favorability. Tesco has specified their leaders work in their style of preference so that they can become more effective in their respective field or department (Donaldson, 2001). Though this approach has criticized the theoretical base, it remains as an important point in the contribution of understanding effective and efficient leadership. Tesco contingency approach has leaded the company to strengthen their communication between subordinate ability and leadership style. Profit maximization and strategic based theory This theory or concept is based on the belief that business enterprise aims to maximize their profit for long terms and also to gain a competitive advantage over other same businesses. The perspective of industrial companies is based on this theory as the concept examines the company external market situation for attaining sustainable competitive advantage. Here the maximum profits which are surplus above the average cost of production. Tesco has appropriately chosen both its inputs and outputs for attaining the objective of realizing maximum economic profit. The specified company applies Maslows theory of motivation to internally encourage their staffs and employees so that it can achieve its desired sales and profits. Resource-based Theory The resource-based theory is a technique to analyze the resources as an important aspect of the superior performance of the company. The VRIO attributes of Tesco has led it to gain sustainable competitive advantage. According to this theory, the attributes of this enables a company to examine the sources of competitive advantage within it, rather than looking at the competitive environment for it. The theory relies on the tangible and intangible resources of the company and must be heterogeneous and immobile. All these resources should also have VRIO attributes to provide competitive advantage. The resource-based theory of strategic management of Tesco, has led it to give resources the major role in order to achieve developed organizational performance. Tesco has valuable and rare resources that help it to gain competitive advantage. How theoretical concepts of strategic management influence managerial practices in Tesco A well-organized strategic plan increases the performance, decision-making process, and changes in the business and also contributes in the strategic direction of the company. For the formal managerial process, strategic plan includes the order of analytical procedures to express a planned strategy. It also brings into line the main objectives, planning, and policies and the allocation of resources to attain organizational goals. The strategic management of Tesco has led the decision makers of the company to advance their respective roles. They are told to must perform some duties of a ceremonial nature to have smooth functioning in the procedures of the organization. This responsibility has also led the managers to involve their leadership directly in order to encompass a relationship with subordinates by providing them encouragement. The strategic management has also influenced the managers to create contacts inside as well as outside of the organization with wide range of peoples. Recommendations that would enhance Strategic Management of Tesco For a business enterprise, the most important thing to achieve successful performance is the understanding of their performance and their competitors, and this could only be done by an appropriate strategic management. Though the strategic plan of Tesco are quite good, there are still many left where the company could focus for improving their strategic plan. The company should structure their planning sessions to reflect and examine their desired or planned contribution level. The company should also create a specific agenda to manage their time frame. It should also target its annual budget process to drive alignment of its key strategic initiatives. The management of the company should also monitor their procedures and commitment towards the customers in defined periodic intervals. The head administrators of the company shall also recruit high-potential employees and assigned them to each team before the work starts. The specified company should also incorporate their views of the ir customers so that they can enhance their customer service management. The departmental managers of the Tesco should start their planning process by deliberately identifying their strategic issues to have a great impact on the result in the future. Developing an effective strategic planning that suits the process of the organization will drive the best from it. Conclusion It has been concluded in this paper that Tesco uses PESTEL, SWOT analysis for evaluating influential managerial decisions. The firm also applied various strategic theories to encourage its managerial decisions. For achieving a maximum field in competition than its rivals, Tesco needs to improve the management to get sure about entire stores that it is well managed or not, so that standard services provided to their customers. The organization need to influence their employees advancement for competing with other organization. Tesco should also enhance its store population by establishing new layout in different nations to attain maximum consumers. References Arnould, E., Price, L., Zinkhan, G. (2004). Consumers. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Bortman, M. (2003). Environmental encyclopedia. Detroit: Gale. Commodities. (2009). [Mosman]. Carroll, K. (2004). Property rights and managerial decisions in for-profit, nonprofit, and public organizations. Basingstoke, Hampshire [England]: Palgrave Macmillan. Donaldson, L. (2001). The contingency theory of organizations. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Durand, R. (2006). Organizational evolution and strategic management. London: SAGE. Eriksson, T. (2010). Advances in the economic analysis of participatory and labor-managed firms. Bingley: Emerald. Jeyarathnam, M. (2008). Strategic management. Mumbai: Himalaya Pub. House. Joekes, S. Evans, P. (2008). Competition and development. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. Kash, D. Rycroft, R. (2002). Emerging patterns of complex technological innovation. Technological Forecasting And Social Change, 69(6), 581-606. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1625(01)00171-8 Salazar, A. Sawyer, S. (2007). Handbook of information technology in organizations and electronic markets. New Jersey: World Scientific. Sadler, P. (2003). Strategic management. Sterling, VA: Kogan Page. Saltzer, J. Kaashoek, F. (2009). Principles of computer system design. Burlington, MA: Morgan Kaufmann. SWOT analysis. (2008). [Washington, D.C.]. Talen, E. (2012). City rules. Washington, DC: Island Press. Verloop, J. (2013). Success in innovation. Burlington: Elsevier Science. Young, M. (2002). Internet. New York: Osborne/McGraw-Hill. Yksel, I. (2012). Developing a Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model for PESTEL Analysis. IJBM, 7(24). https://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v7n24p52