T Pentyl Chloride Lab Report Essay Example

T Pentyl Chloride Lab Report Paper Edward Kluges, by a temperature of 79-ICC, the product is expected to boil (pig. 20). At about ICC, the product began to stabilize. This matches the expected boiling point for the product. After simple distillation and measurement, a total of 17 ml of the product was obtained. Side Reactions: Summary of experiment: The following experimental procedure was directed from Introduction to Organic Lab Techniques CHEMIC IL Courseware by Dry. Edward Kluges found on pages 18- 20. Using 22 ml of t-Phenyl alcohol and 50 ml of 37. 3% concentrated HCI, a mixture was created and swirled in a 125 ml separators funnel. After the solution had been mixed for approximately one minute, a stopper was used to prevent the mixture for escaping the separators funnel as it was inverted. Once inverted, built-up gas was released by turning the stopcock to its opened and closed positions. This was repeated for about four times in one minute intervals. Then the layers were allowed to settle until a separation between liquids could be observed. Due to the low density of the product, the top layer was to be extracted. The bottom layer was carefully and slowly extracted out of the separators funnel. The crude product was washed by taking the reaction product in the separators funnel and adding 23 ml of denizen H2O. The mixture was shaken and allowed to settle until layers were observable. The top layer was the desired product and approximately 25 ml of aqueous layer was extracted from the separators funnel. Next, 25 ml of 5% Enhance was added to the separators funnel in order to neutralize the acid. This mixture was swirled, plugged with the stopper and inverted. Built-up gas was released by turning the stopcock to its opened and closed positions, releasing CO by-product. We will write a custom essay sample on T Pentyl Chloride Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on T Pentyl Chloride Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on T Pentyl Chloride Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This was done four times in one minute intervals. The solution was allowed to settle until layers were observable. The bottom layer that contained salt, base and water was extracted from the separators funnel. The crude product was washed again as mentioned previously. The wet, crude product was placed into the 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Small amounts of Cacao were added to dry the solution. The flask was sealed and the mixture was swirled and left to settle. Once the solution turned clear, it was ready for simple distillation technique. Using filter paper and a funnel, he solution passed through and was placed into the 100 ml round bottom flask attached to the distillation apparatus. The temperature was monitored and recorded when the product reached a stable temperature of about 80 to ICC. After distillation was complete, the product was measured in a graduated cylinder and recorded. The procedure to purify the crude product was the simple distillation technique found in A Molecular Approach to Organic Laboratory Techniques by Pave et. Al. Report Questions: 1. Aqueous sodium bicarbonate was used to wash the crude t-Phenyl chloride. A. What was the purpose of this wash? The purpose of the wash with the basic bicarbonate was to remove the acidic components of the mixture. This helps facilitate the phase separation needed in order to extract the waste and keep the desired product. B. Why would it be undesirable to wash the crude halide with aqueous sodium hydroxide? Aqueous sodium hydroxide is a very strong base. By using a very strong base, it can cause the reaction to proceed with the E mechanism and gives us undesirable alkaline products. 2. Some 2-methyl-2-butane may be produced in the reaction as a by-product. Give a mechanism for its production.

The Children Act 1989 essays

The Children Act 1989 essays Why are so many of our children failed by the system, and whom or what should be held accountable? The Childrens Act 1989 and subsequent amendments and official documents are intended to safeguard our children from harm and protect their rights. In practice though, some children fall through the net and are failed by the local authority, leading to continuing neglect and abuse of these children,. in some high profile cases recently, the end result has been death, such as in the Victoria Climbie and Lauren Wright cases. This document will explore the reasons behind this. Its possible the Childrens Act 1989 is simply inadequate, implemented incorrectly or poorly. On the other hand it could be the fault of badly trained and motivated Social Workers, underfunded local authorities or badly managed social services departments. Before analysing why this phenomenon occurs, it is important to understand what is meant by the terms neglect and abuse. According to "Working Together To Safeguard Children" a document published by the department of health in 1999, somebody may abuse or neglect a child by inflicting harm or by failing to act to prevent harm. However under s.31(10) of the Childrens Act 1989, it details that in order for intervention to occur, the harm suffered must be significant under the legislation. Ie, causing impairment of health or development to the child. The health and development is compared with that which could be reasonably expected of a similar child. Therefore in order for intervention, to prevent further abuse or neglect of the child, to take place a social worker must be satisfied that the abuse is significant and produce evidence to support this. The vague nature of thie legislation and the constraints placed upon social workers who work with families and children contributes massively to the number of children failed by the system. Even when intervention does occur, and the child is, in the mo...

THE NEUROMUSCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF HIV INFECTIONS Essay

THE NEUROMUSCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF HIV INFECTIONS - Essay Example Distal symmetric, often painful sensorimotor polyneuropathy and CMV infection are more common in the late stages of AIDS. 6. AIDP and CIDP may be the initial manifestation of disease, related to autoimmune dysfunction. CSF shows pleocytosis and increased protein. Nerve conduction studies (NCSs) and biopsy are compatible with demyelination. 7. Mononeuropathy multiplex is an inflammatory response in the early stages of disease. Late MM is typically associated with CMV infection. May appear as IDP or PP. EMG and NCS show axonal degeneration and asymmetric involvement. SDF shows pleocytosis and elevated protein level. 8. Progressive polyradiculopathy (PP) is typically associated with CMV and herpes infections. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has reduced the incidence of PP. CSF shows pleocytosis and elevated protein level. It typically presents with a cauda equina–like picture, and EMG shows denervation of the lower extremities. NCSs are mildly slow. 10. Myopathy shows proximal weakness and is confirmed with EMG. Elevated CK may also be seen, and muscle biopsy can be helpful, demonstrating necrosis and inflammation. HIV-related myopathy must be differentiated from toxin (AZT) related myopathies. (1) Peripheral neuropathy is the commonest neurological disorder associated with HIV infection. Though symptomatic peripheral neuropathy is observed in 10% to 15% of HIV infected patients, pathologic evidence of involvement of peripheral nerve is seen almost all cases of end-stage AIDS patients. Although the pathogenesis of distal sensory polyneuropathy is unclear, the condition is associated with deterioration of the patients immune system. A primary viral etiology is unlikely, since Human Immunodeficiency Virus does not infect peripheral nerve Schwann cells or axons. The similarities in clinical and pathologic findings of HIV-associated distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) and vitamin B12 deficiency-related

Strategic IT Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic IT Management - Essay Example The Harvard Guru Michael Porter (1985) described in his book 'Competitive Advantage' that value for the customers can be created by efficiently linking and managing the series of primary and supporting activities in an organisation. Porter's Value Chain Model is represented in the diagram below. (NetMBA, 2002) This model shows that inputs are taken in, processed and converted into outputs and finally sold to the customers to maximize profits. Lets take an in depth view of these activities to analyse the role of information technology. By analysing the value chain of the company, we can identify that primary activities of the delivery team would be system architecture, system requirements, development of the system, test and implementation and finally deployment. After-sales service and technical support is the on-going facility that the company provides. In each and every activity, the company adds value to the previous stage to develop a differentiated product that satisfies the customer's needs. (Jenz, 2003) Inbound Logistics - The inbound logistics for the software development company include the system architecture, the IT infrastructure and the system requirements.

Literary Criticism of Edna St Vincent Millay Research Paper

Literary Criticism of Edna St Vincent Millay - Research Paper Example The poem appears straight-forward, however, the words seem to have greater meaning than one can comprehend easily. Moreover, St. Edna experiments in this poem by giving it a title, â€Å"Love is not all†: This gives the poem its tone. From a mere point of view, one may think that this poem describes a person suffering from depression of love by asserting that love cannot assist a person in times of difficulty. However, in the middle of the poem, St. Edna posits that Love is basically not adequate to live with and one may even sell it during periods of difficulties. In the last stanza of this poem, St. Edna says that she does not think she would sell her lover; this gives its readers the idea that some people may sell their love for material things such as food, while others may not. Another strategy employed by St. Edna to explicate the theme of love in her work is through application of a simple approach, though not simplistic. Her works i.e. â€Å"Love is not all†, leaves its audiences doubtless. This is facilitated through her simple ways of communication, basically ensuring that her works are enjoyed and appreciated. Taking an analysis of â€Å"love is not all†, St. Edna does not appear to take one decisive stand; that is, she does not encourage men and women to lose all their material and emotional possession in the name of love. Some critics have asserted that â€Å"Love is not all†, by St. Edna is basically a timeless statement in the sense that love cannot provide one with food and shelter (Maduxx et al, 11). On the other hand, some critics have asserted that St. Edna’s work are simple merely because they do not appear as if they are politically instigated or meant to achieve certain political objectives (Milford et al, 6). St. Edna was considered one of the traditional poets that were heavily disturbed by the existence of death as well as the idea of dying. In this regard, she has placed emphasis on wordplay as well

Respecting Client Autonomy: Facilitated Suicide

Respecting Client Autonomy: Facilitated Suicide Respecting client’s autonomy is the most important principle for a mental health nurse to follow The clinical entity of suicide is generally subdivided into the three sub-categories of unassisted suicide, facilitated suicide and assisted suicide. (Pabst Battin, M., 1996). The bioethical model considers each of these entities separately. The first category includes all cases where the individual has made an autonomous decision to end their life without the knowledge or assistance of any other person. The facilitated suicide is a very specific group where the victim undertakes suicide in a situation where they have been under the care of a healthcare professional who had knowledge of the potential risk and that means of either suicide prevention or intervention were available but either not used or not considered. There is a clear distinction between this group and the next to be considered, as there is not a suggestion that the healthcare professional did anything positive to assist the suicide attempt, but there is an element or suggestion of neglect or failure of duty on the part of the healthcare professional to protect the patient. (Kupfer J 1990). The assisted suicide is where either a healthcare professional or another person actively assists, either in terms of providing the actual means of death or the knowledge and guidance as to its use, in the death of another. Most arguments aimed at supporting this situation are based on an assumption of rationality and competency on the part of the victim. The majority of such situations, if analysed critically, involve severe pain, disability or occasionally stress, each element has the ability to substantially impair rational thought and decision making. (Salvatore A 2000) Bioethics is the study of value judgements pertaining to human conduct in the area of biology and medicine. It espouses a number of ethical principles which are central to the field but are overlapping, occasionally contradictory and, in the field of suicide in particular, are frankly capable of producing considerable confusion. (Donnelly, J., 1998) We shall briefly consider the main principles that are relevant to this consideration. Perhaps the most central ethical principle to consider is that of autonomy. John Stuart Mill (Mill 1982) produced on of the most celebrated treatises on autonomy, which, taken on face value, allows any individual the right to self-determination of all his actions. In most fields of medical practice the principle of autonomy is considered virtually sacrosanct and explicit personal consent is required for most procedures. (Gillon. R. 1997). The practical difficulty arises when the patient is not â€Å"competent† (a legal term – not an ethical one). The arguments that surround the issue of autonomy in relation to suicide effectively turn on this issue. Those who support the autonomous right to suicide arguing that JS Mill was right, and on the other extreme there are those who oppose it pointing out that anyone who comes to the decision to take their life is, by definition, incompetent (legal definition again) (Coulter A. 2002). Other principles help us further. The Principle of Beneficence (often referred to as the First Principle of Morality), at its most basic level requires the doing of goodness and of being good. This immediately presents the analyst with a problem because the definition of â€Å"goodness† is dependent on both environment and culture. What is considered good in one circumstance may not necessarily be good in another. Critically, beneficence implies that the healthcare professional will have carried out his duties, obligations and responsibilities in a spirit of goodness. (McMillan J 2005) If we also consider the principle of Non-maleficence. Primum non nocere, which literally means â€Å"no malice†. Carrick (P 2000) points to the fact that Hippocrates encapsulated this Principle in his dictum â€Å"first do no harm†. In its more modern interpretation, it means that not only must the healthcare professional do no harm to the patient, but, critically in this regard, they must take all necessary steps to see that no harm comes to the patient. (Dimond. B. 1999). The World Health Organisation widens this interpretation to one which includes a duty to try to minimise any harm which is unintended or accidental. (WHO 1996). There are some circumstances, and these certainly have a bearing on consideration of suicide , where, if a clinician or healthcare professional feels that they cannot do good without the possibility of doing harm, then they should take no action at all. We should note that this is primarily a theorist‘s view and, in the real world it is almost impossible to take any action that does not have the possibility of doing harm to a patient. In conclusion one can agree that, in general terms, autonomy is indeed an important principle for mental health nurse to follow but, in the case of suicide, it is not the most important principle. Mills felt that autonomy required the exhibition of respect, dignity, and choice with the latter being considered generally the most important. Healthcare professionals have to have respect for personal rights. Suicide has to be seen (generally) as the outcome of a number of processes which result in psychological debilitation. The extension of autonomy to such individuals facilitates suicide. It is generally accepted that respect for the individual patient in these circumstances is more usually demonstrated by recognising their vulnerability. It is a common finding that the principles of ethics can be antagonistic. Failure to observe one Principle in order to facilitate another does not render an action necessarily unethical. Beneficence must not be sacrificed for autonomy (Minois, G., 1999) Beneficence is about caring and not just treatment. Every attempt at intervention is warranted. The adoption of the Principle of Non-maleficence calls for the healthcare professional to do whatever is necessary to protect the patient from harm and for whatever it takes to assure the clients life. (Rich K et al. 2004) It is generally a mistake to consider that the ethical requirements and the legal requirements in these circumstances are the same. The law sets a minimum set of standards, ethics requires considerably more. We could conclude by considering the Socratic maxim which is particularly relevant here â€Å"Primum non tacere† (First, do not be silent) References Carrick P 2000 Medical Ethics in the Ancient World Georgetown University press 2000 ISBN: 0878408495 Coulter A. 2002 The autonomous patient. London: The Nuffield Trust, 2002. Dimond. B. 1999. Patients rights and responsibilities and the nurse. 2nd ed. Salisbury.: Quay Books 1999 Donnelly, J., 1998, Introduction, in Suicide:Right or Wrong?, J. Donnelly (ed.), Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus. 1998 Gillon. R. 1997. Autonomy London: Blackwell 1997 Kupfer, Joseph, 1990, Suicide: Its Nature and Moral Evaluation, Journal of Value Inquiry, 24 : 67-81. McMillan J 2005 Doing whats best and best interests BMJ, May 2005 ; 330 : 1069 ; Mill JS 1982 On Liberty, 1982, Harmondsworth: Penguin, p 68. Minois, G., 1999, History of Suicide: Voluntary Death in Western Culture. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1999 Pabst Battin, M., 1996, The Death Debate. Ethical Issues in Suicide, Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall 1996 Rich K Butts J (2004) Rational suicide: uncertain moral ground, Journal of Advanced nursing 46 (3) ; pp 270-283 Salvatore A 2000 Professional Ethics and Suicide: Toward an Ethical Typology Ethics, Law, and Ageing Review (6) pp. 257-269 WHO 1996 World Health Organisation. 1996 Ethics and health, and quality in health care–report by the director general. Geneva: WHO, 1996. (Document No. EB 97/16.) 25.4.06 PDG Word count 1,245

Age of reason Essay -- essays research papers

The Age of Reason was a period in time during the 18th century in Europe and America when man become enlightened by reason, science, and humanity. The people involved with the Age of Reason were convinced that human reason could discover the natural laws of the universe, the natural rights of mankind, and the progress in knowledge. Each philosopher had his own ideas and theories about the world, nature, and human beings in general, and every philosopher wrote many essays and books about their own personal ideas and opinions (Sartre4). David Hume was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on May 7, 1711. Educated at home and then at the University of Edinburgh; here he studies law but then decides to pursue an independent study of his own ideas (Sartre 132). From 1734 to 1737 Hume was busy writing his book, A Treatise of Human Nature, which talked about the problems of thoughtful philosophy (Hampshire 105). However, the public ignored this important piece of work making Hume feel like he was "dead-born." After this horrible reaction to A Treatise of Human Nature Hume went back home where he started thinking more about ethics and political economy. Along with these thoughts Hume wrote books expressing how he felt about these subjects (Snyder34). Essay Moral and Political was one book that enclosed an essay written by Hume dealing with ethics and political economy. Hume felt that ethical thinking was the idea of knowing right from wrong and comes about from ones own self-happiness. Benevolence was the biggest moral good as far as Hume was concerned. The unselfish understanding of anybody or anything's general welfare was very important to David Hume. Aside from that, Hume also had a great influence in the development of skep ticism and empiricism, which are two schools of philosophy (Snyder 45). David Hume's greatest influences were British philosophers John Locke and Bishop George Berkeley. Hume was able to find the differences in reason and sensation just like Berkeley, but Hume took his findings to another level. Hume was able to prove that reason and rational judgment are nothing more than usual associations of an individual's prior knowledge. (Hampshire, 115) David Hume contributed many excellent points and ideas about ethics, political economy, skepticism and empiricism, and wrote many good pieces of literature about his idea... ...). Philosopher, Friedrich Schleiermacher, had ideas dealing with a more religious aspect (Sartre 57). He believed that religion was the feeling of absolute dependence on a person. He also stated that sins were a result of the inability to make a difference between a dependence of God and the earth world (Hampshire, 170). There were many intelligent men all over the world that sat down and thought about extremely meaningful things during the Age of Reason. Their ideas and opinions are still talked about. These men are just a few of the hundreds that contributed to the age of reason whether it is a small contribution or an enormous one. Either way, the different aspects of these men have allowed people in modern times to voice their opinion and not be afraid to try, just like these men have. Works Citied Hampshire, Stuart. The Age of Reason: The Seventeenth Century Philosophers. Ayer Company Publishers, Inc. 1977 Paine, Thomas. The Age of Reason. Carol Publishing Group, 1977. Sartre, Jean-Paul. The Age of Reason Vol. 1. Trans. Eric Sutton. Vintage Books, 1973. Snyder, Louis Leo. The Age of Reason. Krieger Publishing Company, 1979.