How the Areas of Speech, Language and Communication Skills...

In this essay I will be talking about speech, language and communication skills and how they affect several areas of development. I will talk about the impact of speech, language and communication (SLC) difficulties and how adults can support children and extend their SLC. I will also talk about the positive effects of adult support and the different levels of speech and language between children entering an early year’s provision. 1.1 Speech means that someone is speaking out loud to inform someone what is on their mind or how they feel. For example, a child telling a practitioner what they did the previous night. Language is a preferred way of communicating with someone. For example, a child may use hand signs as well as using verbal communication, pointing at what they are talking about. Communication is about different methods of telling people information. For example, a child may speak out loud to an adult. Someone who has speech, language and communication needs (SLC needs) has a problem when it comes to communication. This could be because they speak another language which many do not, or they could have learning difficulties which can make it harder to understand many things. 1.2 Speech, language and communication (SLC) skills can support behaviour development in a few different ways. As a child begins to understand language used, they can then begin to understand consequences of their actions and learn from this. For example, a child can begin to learn that ifShow MoreRelatedEymp 5 Support Children’s Speech, Language and Communication.1278 Words   |  6 PagesEYMP 5 Support children’s speech, language and communication. 1.1) Explain each of the terms: †¢ Speech – The act of speaking, verbal communication. The act of expressing or describing thoughts, feelings or ideas by articulate sounds or words. †¢ Language – Method of communication either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured or conventional way. A recognised structured system of gestures, signs and symbols used to communicate. Body of words and the systems for theirRead MoreThe Importance of Speech, Language, and Communication1007 Words   |  5 Pagesthe importance of speech, language and communication for children’s overall development. 1.1 Explain each of the terms: 1.1a Speech The word speech when used in relation to children and young people’s development literally means the act of speaking, verbal communication, or to express thoughts, feelings, or ideas. 1.1b Language The term language refers to an understood, systematic arrangement of signs, symbols and gestures used to communicate. 1.1c Communication To communicateRead MoreChildhood Apraxia Of Speech : A Motor Speech Disorder1715 Words   |  7 PagesApraxia Of Speech (CAS) Childhood apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder. In CAS a child might have problems performing the correct movements for speech due to signaling problems between the brain and the muscles used for speech production. This signaling problem causes the child to have difficulty learning accurate speech movements. Speech movements that a normal developing child learns with ease are difficult for a child with apraxia of speech. The cause of childhood apraxia of speech is unknownRead MoreSpeech Disorders in Children1709 Words   |  7 PagesSpeech disorders in young children are early indicators that give reason to students having difficulty in aspects of cognition. Speech is not only a motor skill, but also a cognitive skill in the form that speech is language that comes from within the brain. â€Å"Speech problems and reading disorders are linked, suggesting that speech problems may potentially be an early marker of later difficulty in associating graphemes with phonemes.† (Foy Mann 2011) The brocoas area of the brain is where speechRead MoreChildren’s Speech, Language, and Communication1750 Words   |  7 PagesSupport children’s speech, language and communication Explanation of speech, language, communication and speech, language and communication needs 1.1 Children and adults use speech, language and communication to interact with others, to help them explore the environment, to make sense of everyday experiences, access information and understand concepts, as well as organise thoughts and formulate ideas and to help them express their own feelings and to understand the feelings of others (ChildrenRead MoreAssessments For Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pagescharacterized by difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concepts. (Classroom-Assessment-Theory-into-Practice, 2012) One in 88 children are diagnosed with autism and the symptoms are usually noticed between the ages of 18 months and 5 years. Typically, autism affects individuals in 5 key areas: Communication (verbal and non-verbal), Social skills, Behaviors, Learning, and Medical issues. Because this disorder has a dramatic impact on a childRead MoreA Study On Human Language Essay971 Words   |  4 PagesWhen we look at nature all animals communicate with each other, from bees and ants to whales and apes, but only humans have developed a language or should I say signs. What is interesting is even our speech differs in a physical way form the communication of another animal. It comes from a cor areas of the brain which serve a particular function for speech processing and production. Professor Jeff Elman said â€Å"The Earth would not be the way it is if humankind didn t have the ability to communicateRead MoreEvaluate The Role Of The Early Years Practitioner In Supporting Childrens Holistic Development Essay806 Words   |  4 PagesBall games helps in the gross motor skills development. Social and emotional development As an early year practitioner, it is very important to support the child development and confidence, help them learn about how to manage their feelings and behaviour and making relationship with others. The EYFS states and practitioners can help parents and children by the following factors: †¢ Encouraging children and families to have a strong cultural identity †¢ Respecting and listening to the view of parentsRead MoreAnalysis on Jacks Speech Impairment1036 Words   |  4 PagesArea to assess Question to be answered Rationale Methodology Criteria †¢ Hearing †¢ Is there any hearing loss present? †¢ Are any previous/current/ongoing condition such as ottis Media, glue ear, etc†¦ that is/are effecting Jack’s hearing? †¢ Any concerns of future hearing problems? †¢ Hearing problems such as hearing loss, Otis media, and etc... will have a negative effect on speech language. †¢ Identify the relationship between the Jack’s level of speech, language and communication and hearingRead MoreCyp Core 3.2 Promote Child and Young Person Development Essay1256 Words   |  6 PagesPROMOTE CHILD AND YOUNG PERSON DEVELOPMENT 1.1 When assessing you need to take account of a range of factors: 1. Confidentiality must be kept at all times. You must have the senior practitioner’s and/or the parents’ permission before making formal observations of children. Do not to leave confidential material lying around they must be secured in a locked cabinet. Line of reporting-only talk to authorized personal about confidential material. This confidentially can only be broken when a child

No Shave June Privacy Policy - 1480 Words

No-Shave November Privacy Policy This privacy policy has been compiled to better serve those who are concerned with how their Personally identifiable information (PII) is being used online. PII, as used in US privacy law and information security, is information that can be used on its own or with other information to identify, contact, or locate a single person, or to identify an individual in context. Please read our privacy policy carefully to get a clear understanding of how we collect, use, protect or otherwise handle your Personally Identifiable Information in accordance with our website. What personal information do we collect from the people that visit our website? When ordering or registering on our site, as appropriate, you†¦show more content†¦How do we protect visitor information? Our website is scanned on a regular basis for security holes and known vulnerabilities in order to make your visit to our site as safe as possible. We use regular Malware Scanning. Your personal information is contained behind secured networks and is only accessible by a limited number of persons who have special access rights to such systems, and are required to keep the information confidential. In addition, all sensitive/credit information you supply is encrypted via Secure Socket Layer (SSL) technology. We implement a variety of security measures when a user places an order enters, submits, or accesses their information to maintain the safety of your personal information. All transactions are processed through a gateway provider and are not stored or processed on our servers. Do we use cookies ? We do not use cookies for tracking purposes You can choose to have your computer warn you each time a cookie is being sent, or you can choose to turn off all cookies. You do this through your browser (like Internet Explorer) settings. Each browser is a little different, so look at your browser s Help menu to learn the correct way to modify your cookies. If you disable cookies off, some features will be disabled that make your site experience more efficient and some of our services will not function properly. However, you can still place orders. Third Party

How Did Napoleon Become Emperor Free Essays

How did Napoleon become Emperor ‘I was born when Corsica was perishing, 30 000 French men spewed into our shore drowning the throne of liberty in waves of blood’ wrote Napoleon when the French army conquered his home country state of Corsica. Soon after his parents agreed that the impoverished island could give nothing more to their eight children, but only one country could, the one that Napoleon abhorred, France. Carlo, Napoleons father, accepted the overtaking of Corsica and began studying law soon after became a representative of the Corsican Parliament. We will write a custom essay sample on How Did Napoleon Become Emperor or any similar topic only for you Order Now When moved to France, Napoleon at the age of nine was sent to the Royal Military College, where he was to study military strategy for five years. Then at the age of fifteen, he was promoted to the Royal Military Academy in Paris, a highly respected college in France. A year later he starts as a soldier in France’s best artillery squad, but feels unaccomplished because the highest ranks are given to the families of high nobility. But, the French Revolution’s timing opens possibilities to Napoleon that he tough could never of happen, â€Å"to be 20 years old in1789, is very important, Napoleon’s destiny and the destiny of the whole country, become the same. † says Antoine de Baecque. As an artillery Captain at the age of 24, Napoleon was sent to Toulon, where his victory against the British overtaking of the city was an enormous opportunity fro Napoleon the prove himself and rapidly be promoted through the ranks of the French military where there was a vacuum for control cause by the fleeing emigre. Finally Napoleon was promoted. At home the Terror is still going, Napoleon sides with Robespierre’s view that liberty can no survive in France, if the heads of criminals do not roll. â€Å"(Napoleon) hated the terror but he hated chaos even more†, he believed that it was necessary to suspended liberties in the name of liberty. After Robspierre’s death, the Thermidorian assault obligated the government to call on Napoleon, because he was one of the only qualified military leaders still in France, to restore peace in Vendemiaire. We killed a great many of them, now all is quite, I could no be happier† wrote Napoleon to his brother. Finally he was a full general at the age of twenty-six. In less then ten years time he would be emperor of France. Tough his military achievements were key to his popularity and to his visions, luck, propaganda, and social manipulations also played a major role in his path to the top. ‘Great men become great because they have been able to master luck’ said Napoleon, but luck was also to be replaced by genius. In Italy he won multiple battle and obtained the support of the locals in stating that he was freeing them from tyranny and has no problem with the people of Italy only its despots. At this point in time Napoleon won battles after battles and gained moral and economic growth through the spoils of war. But most importantly he sends back propaganda exalting him through his own newspaper, portraits and also art. Napoleon understood that victories were not enough to gain popular popularity so he focused strongly on sending back powerful and extravagant art of him and his victories. The Italian people were getting weary of Napoleons presence since he was still continuously demanding and sending back gold and silver. Moving from Italy to Austria, the Austrians asked to make peace, fearing Napoleons fast pace and unbeatable army, and Napoleon followed the peace agreement personally, enraged form the decline of the Austrian government he shouted ‘this is what will happen to your empire, your empire is like a maid accustomed to being raped by anyone’ simultaneously breaking a porcelain tea set. Finally the Austrians gave in and Napoleon achieved what he wanted. Through this achievement Napoleon saw that his military intelligence was not only limited to battle but to politics. Waiting to go back to France at the right time as an esteemed pioneer and general, Napoleon head to Egypt. There the British fleet sunk Napoleons naval army, the only communication he had back to France. During this dead lock, Napoleon matured and realized he was no invincible. During this time he lead an exposition to decipher the Egyptian past which was a mystery to France. But, back in France his goddess of wife bought a new house and was cheating on Napoleon. His brother sent him a letter telling him this and Napoleon responded by adopting his own Cleopatra. Soon after Turkey declared war on Napoleon. Napoleon after the close victory and thousands of injured and sick men, was too full of pride to admit he was not as victorious as he sent back to France. Adding to his fame and propagandist profession Napoleon was able manipulate words and acts to his favor. Abandoning his army in Egypt Napoleon sets sail fro France to seize the opportunity of his life time, to come home as a hero respected and wanted in the unstable mother land. A coupe was on the rise and Napoleon wanted to be a supporter of this, he believed this was to be an easy transition, but the two classes of the directory had to renew their oath taking hours to complete and Napoleon became impatient and barged in to the meeting place, there he was hated for since it is strictly illegal for outside people to intervene in parliamentary affairs. Shaken Napoleon stuttered over the opportunity of power and Lucien his brother saw this and unsheathed his sword and stated ‘if my brother had any intentions of becoming dictator I’d run him through. Finally the legislators fled and all was over, but later that evening Lucien and his consuls voted that three consuls were to be sworn in, making it legitimate. One of which was Napoleon. Soon Napoleon rewrote the constitution and became head consul, making him the most powerful men in France. Major achievements of Napoleon before he became emperor are: he established a new economy, replacing he curren cy with the Franc, establishing the Bank of France, generalizing and standardizing tax collections, and passing indirect taxation to make France richer. Passed the Concordat, allowing him to control the church in directly through him controlling the priest’s paycheck, owning the church land and integrating Church and State. Establishing his Civil Code which is still France’s basis for government today. Also between 1801-1803 he used military funds to locally improve France through creating jobs for the unemployed and improving the esthetic and moral look of France creating a ‘feel good’ era for France. In total Napoleon is a military genius, foreign policies diplomat, socially accepted and wanted as ruler, reversed the economic path of France and its debt, all before he became emperor. France was content with the position it was in more power no less power given to Napoleon, but royalist were not happy with the path France was on. On a confused plot the assassinate Napoleon the royalist failed to eradicate the main column supporting France at this time. Through this attempted people were set on the idea of crowning Napoleon their emperor to reduce the possibilities of assassination plots. The pope of Rome was invited to the crowning but did not crown Napoleon, he was there only to legitimatize and justify the crowning. In Notre Dame de Paris Napoleon crowned himself on December 2 1804. How to cite How Did Napoleon Become Emperor, Essay examples

Strategic Management Business Evaluation Approach

Question: Describe about the Strategic Management for Business Evaluation Approach. Answer: Introduction Strategic management is an approach to evaluate, implement as well as formulate managerial decisions in such a way that the organizations can be able to achieve its goals and objectives. In this paper, strategic management of Tesco has been analyzed. Tesco is the largest food retailers in the world with around 2318 stores. This essay represents the discussion about the theoretical concepts of strategic management. With the help of theories of strategic management the managerial decision of Tesco can be evaluated in the essay. Strategic management of Tesco Strategic management is an approach to formulate, implement and evaluate managerial decisions in such a way that the firm can accomplish their business successfully as well as fulfill their aims and objectives (Sadler, 2003). This approach is quite effective in dealing with the huge range of factors which affects the ability of the industry to develop. This approach improves the preparation for unexpected internal demands. It contains strategic formulation, strategic implementation as well as environmental scanning; internally, and externally. This is an approach which concentrates on production, marketing, computer information system, finance and management for achieving organizational goals (Saltzer Kaashoek, 2009). As for example when Tesco begins its business, the management of Tesco set their aims and goals as well as numerous kinds of methods to accomplish all goals (Commodities, 2009). So, strategic management is the approach used by Tesco for achieving its objectives. Tesco is the largest retailer company in the UK, and second largest in the world. This company has more than 2318 stores in around 14 countries and employing over 326000 people. It also offers online services via its subsidiary. The motives of this company are to provide technical as well as superior representations (Jeyarathnam, 2008). The company adds value to its goods and services as well as adds value to its customers by offering an attractive and effective solution to their customers procurement and customers design. This organization provides employment opportunities to numerous individuals at a different level. PESTEL analysis of Tesco For evaluating the managerial decisions and competitive advantage of the firm, there are mainly six forces which Tesco responses in order to influence its managerial decisions (Carroll, 2004). Such forces contain political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors. Political forces As Tesco operates globally with various stores around the world, the firms performance is quite influenced politically as well as by the authorities conditions because every nation has its own rules and regulations (Talen, 2012). For the employment authorization, the authority influences retailers to offer a combination of job opportunities from locally based jobs to highly skilled. Tesco understands that retailing has a huge effect on jobs and people, so for this, the company recruits good amount of citizens in their stores (Yksel, 2012). The political forces influence the specified company to recruit individuals for job opportunities. The examination of political factors has enhanced the organizations profits as it led the company to understand the taxation policies of foreign lands, which has its influence on the operations of the business. Economic forces Economic forces influence Tesco in terms of profits, demands, prices and costs. The high unemployment level is one of the most influential factors on the economy because it reduces the operational demand for various products, unfavorably impacting the demand need to manufacture products (Eriksson, 2010). The recent economic growth has an impact on the purchasing power of buyers which reduces the amount of sales made by Tesco. Moreover, the income level in the UK is relatively inadequate which makes few individuals fail to afford the goods provided by the organization. Social forces There is a quite powerful demographic force in the world as well as local markets. In this, population growth is one of the significant and interesting forces for the marketers in towns, cities etc. Growing population does not create capable markets for the manufactured commodities (Salazar Sawyer, 2007). Apart from population growth, location is another most significant factor which is determined by the marketers because many purchasers are identified in the urban location in comparison to rural location. So, Tesco layouts are strategically located in areas where capable purchasers are strongly targeted. Technological forces In the world of business competition, product and service standardization, as well as their quality, is more preferable by the consumers and those companies gain most consumers. Here, standardization of products or services is improved by technological advancements and Tesco is doing the same (Kash Rycroft, 2002). The speed of technology is quite rapid that the employees of the company are able to learn technological innovations for improving their performance in the organizations. Innovation is quite influential in Tesco which has helped the industry in order to improve its competitive advantage in the entire globe. Environmental force There has been growing campaigns on environmental preservation in the whole world and therefore there are also many organizations are aimed to preserve the environment, as much pollution hazardous to the environment is done by the organizational industries. In order to maintain as well as preserve the environment, Tesco utilizes licensed waste disposal services (Bortman, 2003). The customers are also quite aware of the effects of polluted environment so they purchase goods which have been manufactured by environmental friendly matters. Legal forces In the UK there is competitive legislation which is formed under the Competition Act 1998; this impacts over the behaviors of industries in the country because there is a performance in that they have to compete. It is a demand for the entire industries in the nation in order to stand with the legislation and here Tesco is also included (Verloop, 2013). Tesco actually deals with selling drinks and foods so the company has to stand with the Health and Safety Laws in the nation. SWOT Analysis of Tesco SWOT analysis signifies the internal and external strength of any organizations by observing its strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats; Tesco is also utilizing this analysis for observing its strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats which are as follows: Strengths Tesco is majorly operating numerous stores in the entire world, which help it to begin operating in the global markets in order to gain maximum numbers of consumers (SWOT analysis, 2008). Tesco currently involved in advertising its goods online where its consumers are able to know about products as well as buy it online. The goods produced by Tesco are of the high standard which eventually attracts the maximum numbers of consumers (Joekes Evans, 2008). There also has been modification where Tesco provides clothing as well as food and drinks products which help the organization in order to compete with its competitors. Weakness For distributing the products or services Tesco utilizes much fossil fuel mainly in transporting networking as it is not entirely formed to have shops in every country of the world (Arnould, Price, Zinkhan, 2004). Moreover, Tesco only aims in developed countries by excluding underdeveloped and developing countries which form capable consumers for their goods. Opportunities The current innovation and advancement in technology provide Tesco quite an excellent opportunity for utilizing internet connection for selling its goods. The internet is the maximum utilized technology in Tesco as it is able to gain numerous consumers even in locations where there are no shops (Young, 2002). There is also an opportunity for establishing alliance suppliers for reducing distribution as well as production cost. Associations are more required in the company as it shares resources by do not fear about the risk of any development and growth. Threats Every organization concerned about taxes in the country, same as Tesco concerned about taxes in UK and countries where it has its stores. There is stiff competition in the retailing market which is pretended by Tesco competitors like ASDA and Sainsbury. So innovation and advancement is other organization is a threat for Tesco. Three Strategic Management Theories by Tesco Strategic management theory is basically a system of ideas for explaining the origin, principles, evolution of strategic management. In todays competitive world, strategic management is of great importance for any firm in order to come up with a strategy which will evaluate organizations managerial decisions as well as the competitive advantage (Durand, 2006). The strategic management theory usually is said as the system of ideas that intends to summarize the principles and procedures of strategic management. The three theoretical concept of Strategic Management about Tesco are as follows: Contingency Theory The contingency theory induces the ideas that there are no approaches for managing organizations. It is based on the favorability. Tesco has specified their leaders work in their style of preference so that they can become more effective in their respective field or department (Donaldson, 2001). Though this approach has criticized the theoretical base, it remains as an important point in the contribution of understanding effective and efficient leadership. Tesco contingency approach has leaded the company to strengthen their communication between subordinate ability and leadership style. Profit maximization and strategic based theory This theory or concept is based on the belief that business enterprise aims to maximize their profit for long terms and also to gain a competitive advantage over other same businesses. The perspective of industrial companies is based on this theory as the concept examines the company external market situation for attaining sustainable competitive advantage. Here the maximum profits which are surplus above the average cost of production. Tesco has appropriately chosen both its inputs and outputs for attaining the objective of realizing maximum economic profit. The specified company applies Maslows theory of motivation to internally encourage their staffs and employees so that it can achieve its desired sales and profits. Resource-based Theory The resource-based theory is a technique to analyze the resources as an important aspect of the superior performance of the company. The VRIO attributes of Tesco has led it to gain sustainable competitive advantage. According to this theory, the attributes of this enables a company to examine the sources of competitive advantage within it, rather than looking at the competitive environment for it. The theory relies on the tangible and intangible resources of the company and must be heterogeneous and immobile. All these resources should also have VRIO attributes to provide competitive advantage. The resource-based theory of strategic management of Tesco, has led it to give resources the major role in order to achieve developed organizational performance. Tesco has valuable and rare resources that help it to gain competitive advantage. How theoretical concepts of strategic management influence managerial practices in Tesco A well-organized strategic plan increases the performance, decision-making process, and changes in the business and also contributes in the strategic direction of the company. For the formal managerial process, strategic plan includes the order of analytical procedures to express a planned strategy. It also brings into line the main objectives, planning, and policies and the allocation of resources to attain organizational goals. The strategic management of Tesco has led the decision makers of the company to advance their respective roles. They are told to must perform some duties of a ceremonial nature to have smooth functioning in the procedures of the organization. This responsibility has also led the managers to involve their leadership directly in order to encompass a relationship with subordinates by providing them encouragement. The strategic management has also influenced the managers to create contacts inside as well as outside of the organization with wide range of peoples. Recommendations that would enhance Strategic Management of Tesco For a business enterprise, the most important thing to achieve successful performance is the understanding of their performance and their competitors, and this could only be done by an appropriate strategic management. Though the strategic plan of Tesco are quite good, there are still many left where the company could focus for improving their strategic plan. The company should structure their planning sessions to reflect and examine their desired or planned contribution level. The company should also create a specific agenda to manage their time frame. It should also target its annual budget process to drive alignment of its key strategic initiatives. The management of the company should also monitor their procedures and commitment towards the customers in defined periodic intervals. The head administrators of the company shall also recruit high-potential employees and assigned them to each team before the work starts. The specified company should also incorporate their views of the ir customers so that they can enhance their customer service management. The departmental managers of the Tesco should start their planning process by deliberately identifying their strategic issues to have a great impact on the result in the future. Developing an effective strategic planning that suits the process of the organization will drive the best from it. Conclusion It has been concluded in this paper that Tesco uses PESTEL, SWOT analysis for evaluating influential managerial decisions. The firm also applied various strategic theories to encourage its managerial decisions. For achieving a maximum field in competition than its rivals, Tesco needs to improve the management to get sure about entire stores that it is well managed or not, so that standard services provided to their customers. The organization need to influence their employees advancement for competing with other organization. Tesco should also enhance its store population by establishing new layout in different nations to attain maximum consumers. References Arnould, E., Price, L., Zinkhan, G. (2004). Consumers. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Bortman, M. (2003). Environmental encyclopedia. Detroit: Gale. Commodities. (2009). [Mosman]. Carroll, K. (2004). Property rights and managerial decisions in for-profit, nonprofit, and public organizations. Basingstoke, Hampshire [England]: Palgrave Macmillan. Donaldson, L. (2001). The contingency theory of organizations. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Durand, R. (2006). Organizational evolution and strategic management. London: SAGE. Eriksson, T. (2010). Advances in the economic analysis of participatory and labor-managed firms. Bingley: Emerald. Jeyarathnam, M. (2008). Strategic management. Mumbai: Himalaya Pub. House. Joekes, S. Evans, P. (2008). Competition and development. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. Kash, D. Rycroft, R. (2002). Emerging patterns of complex technological innovation. Technological Forecasting And Social Change, 69(6), 581-606. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1625(01)00171-8 Salazar, A. Sawyer, S. (2007). Handbook of information technology in organizations and electronic markets. New Jersey: World Scientific. Sadler, P. (2003). Strategic management. Sterling, VA: Kogan Page. Saltzer, J. Kaashoek, F. (2009). Principles of computer system design. Burlington, MA: Morgan Kaufmann. SWOT analysis. (2008). [Washington, D.C.]. Talen, E. (2012). City rules. Washington, DC: Island Press. Verloop, J. (2013). Success in innovation. Burlington: Elsevier Science. Young, M. (2002). Internet. New York: Osborne/McGraw-Hill. Yksel, I. (2012). Developing a Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model for PESTEL Analysis. IJBM, 7(24). https://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v7n24p52

T Pentyl Chloride Lab Report Essay Example

T Pentyl Chloride Lab Report Paper Edward Kluges, by a temperature of 79-ICC, the product is expected to boil (pig. 20). At about ICC, the product began to stabilize. This matches the expected boiling point for the product. After simple distillation and measurement, a total of 17 ml of the product was obtained. Side Reactions: Summary of experiment: The following experimental procedure was directed from Introduction to Organic Lab Techniques CHEMIC IL Courseware by Dry. Edward Kluges found on pages 18- 20. Using 22 ml of t-Phenyl alcohol and 50 ml of 37. 3% concentrated HCI, a mixture was created and swirled in a 125 ml separators funnel. After the solution had been mixed for approximately one minute, a stopper was used to prevent the mixture for escaping the separators funnel as it was inverted. Once inverted, built-up gas was released by turning the stopcock to its opened and closed positions. This was repeated for about four times in one minute intervals. Then the layers were allowed to settle until a separation between liquids could be observed. Due to the low density of the product, the top layer was to be extracted. The bottom layer was carefully and slowly extracted out of the separators funnel. The crude product was washed by taking the reaction product in the separators funnel and adding 23 ml of denizen H2O. The mixture was shaken and allowed to settle until layers were observable. The top layer was the desired product and approximately 25 ml of aqueous layer was extracted from the separators funnel. Next, 25 ml of 5% Enhance was added to the separators funnel in order to neutralize the acid. This mixture was swirled, plugged with the stopper and inverted. Built-up gas was released by turning the stopcock to its opened and closed positions, releasing CO by-product. We will write a custom essay sample on T Pentyl Chloride Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on T Pentyl Chloride Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on T Pentyl Chloride Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This was done four times in one minute intervals. The solution was allowed to settle until layers were observable. The bottom layer that contained salt, base and water was extracted from the separators funnel. The crude product was washed again as mentioned previously. The wet, crude product was placed into the 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Small amounts of Cacao were added to dry the solution. The flask was sealed and the mixture was swirled and left to settle. Once the solution turned clear, it was ready for simple distillation technique. Using filter paper and a funnel, he solution passed through and was placed into the 100 ml round bottom flask attached to the distillation apparatus. The temperature was monitored and recorded when the product reached a stable temperature of about 80 to ICC. After distillation was complete, the product was measured in a graduated cylinder and recorded. The procedure to purify the crude product was the simple distillation technique found in A Molecular Approach to Organic Laboratory Techniques by Pave et. Al. Report Questions: 1. Aqueous sodium bicarbonate was used to wash the crude t-Phenyl chloride. A. What was the purpose of this wash? The purpose of the wash with the basic bicarbonate was to remove the acidic components of the mixture. This helps facilitate the phase separation needed in order to extract the waste and keep the desired product. B. Why would it be undesirable to wash the crude halide with aqueous sodium hydroxide? Aqueous sodium hydroxide is a very strong base. By using a very strong base, it can cause the reaction to proceed with the E mechanism and gives us undesirable alkaline products. 2. Some 2-methyl-2-butane may be produced in the reaction as a by-product. Give a mechanism for its production.

The Children Act 1989 essays

The Children Act 1989 essays Why are so many of our children failed by the system, and whom or what should be held accountable? The Childrens Act 1989 and subsequent amendments and official documents are intended to safeguard our children from harm and protect their rights. In practice though, some children fall through the net and are failed by the local authority, leading to continuing neglect and abuse of these children,. in some high profile cases recently, the end result has been death, such as in the Victoria Climbie and Lauren Wright cases. This document will explore the reasons behind this. Its possible the Childrens Act 1989 is simply inadequate, implemented incorrectly or poorly. On the other hand it could be the fault of badly trained and motivated Social Workers, underfunded local authorities or badly managed social services departments. Before analysing why this phenomenon occurs, it is important to understand what is meant by the terms neglect and abuse. According to "Working Together To Safeguard Children" a document published by the department of health in 1999, somebody may abuse or neglect a child by inflicting harm or by failing to act to prevent harm. However under s.31(10) of the Childrens Act 1989, it details that in order for intervention to occur, the harm suffered must be significant under the legislation. Ie, causing impairment of health or development to the child. The health and development is compared with that which could be reasonably expected of a similar child. Therefore in order for intervention, to prevent further abuse or neglect of the child, to take place a social worker must be satisfied that the abuse is significant and produce evidence to support this. The vague nature of thie legislation and the constraints placed upon social workers who work with families and children contributes massively to the number of children failed by the system. Even when intervention does occur, and the child is, in the mo...

THE NEUROMUSCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF HIV INFECTIONS Essay

THE NEUROMUSCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF HIV INFECTIONS - Essay Example Distal symmetric, often painful sensorimotor polyneuropathy and CMV infection are more common in the late stages of AIDS. 6. AIDP and CIDP may be the initial manifestation of disease, related to autoimmune dysfunction. CSF shows pleocytosis and increased protein. Nerve conduction studies (NCSs) and biopsy are compatible with demyelination. 7. Mononeuropathy multiplex is an inflammatory response in the early stages of disease. Late MM is typically associated with CMV infection. May appear as IDP or PP. EMG and NCS show axonal degeneration and asymmetric involvement. SDF shows pleocytosis and elevated protein level. 8. Progressive polyradiculopathy (PP) is typically associated with CMV and herpes infections. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has reduced the incidence of PP. CSF shows pleocytosis and elevated protein level. It typically presents with a cauda equina–like picture, and EMG shows denervation of the lower extremities. NCSs are mildly slow. 10. Myopathy shows proximal weakness and is confirmed with EMG. Elevated CK may also be seen, and muscle biopsy can be helpful, demonstrating necrosis and inflammation. HIV-related myopathy must be differentiated from toxin (AZT) related myopathies. (1) Peripheral neuropathy is the commonest neurological disorder associated with HIV infection. Though symptomatic peripheral neuropathy is observed in 10% to 15% of HIV infected patients, pathologic evidence of involvement of peripheral nerve is seen almost all cases of end-stage AIDS patients. Although the pathogenesis of distal sensory polyneuropathy is unclear, the condition is associated with deterioration of the patients immune system. A primary viral etiology is unlikely, since Human Immunodeficiency Virus does not infect peripheral nerve Schwann cells or axons. The similarities in clinical and pathologic findings of HIV-associated distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) and vitamin B12 deficiency-related

Strategic IT Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic IT Management - Essay Example The Harvard Guru Michael Porter (1985) described in his book 'Competitive Advantage' that value for the customers can be created by efficiently linking and managing the series of primary and supporting activities in an organisation. Porter's Value Chain Model is represented in the diagram below. (NetMBA, 2002) This model shows that inputs are taken in, processed and converted into outputs and finally sold to the customers to maximize profits. Lets take an in depth view of these activities to analyse the role of information technology. By analysing the value chain of the company, we can identify that primary activities of the delivery team would be system architecture, system requirements, development of the system, test and implementation and finally deployment. After-sales service and technical support is the on-going facility that the company provides. In each and every activity, the company adds value to the previous stage to develop a differentiated product that satisfies the customer's needs. (Jenz, 2003) Inbound Logistics - The inbound logistics for the software development company include the system architecture, the IT infrastructure and the system requirements.

Literary Criticism of Edna St Vincent Millay Research Paper

Literary Criticism of Edna St Vincent Millay - Research Paper Example The poem appears straight-forward, however, the words seem to have greater meaning than one can comprehend easily. Moreover, St. Edna experiments in this poem by giving it a title, â€Å"Love is not all†: This gives the poem its tone. From a mere point of view, one may think that this poem describes a person suffering from depression of love by asserting that love cannot assist a person in times of difficulty. However, in the middle of the poem, St. Edna posits that Love is basically not adequate to live with and one may even sell it during periods of difficulties. In the last stanza of this poem, St. Edna says that she does not think she would sell her lover; this gives its readers the idea that some people may sell their love for material things such as food, while others may not. Another strategy employed by St. Edna to explicate the theme of love in her work is through application of a simple approach, though not simplistic. Her works i.e. â€Å"Love is not all†, leaves its audiences doubtless. This is facilitated through her simple ways of communication, basically ensuring that her works are enjoyed and appreciated. Taking an analysis of â€Å"love is not all†, St. Edna does not appear to take one decisive stand; that is, she does not encourage men and women to lose all their material and emotional possession in the name of love. Some critics have asserted that â€Å"Love is not all†, by St. Edna is basically a timeless statement in the sense that love cannot provide one with food and shelter (Maduxx et al, 11). On the other hand, some critics have asserted that St. Edna’s work are simple merely because they do not appear as if they are politically instigated or meant to achieve certain political objectives (Milford et al, 6). St. Edna was considered one of the traditional poets that were heavily disturbed by the existence of death as well as the idea of dying. In this regard, she has placed emphasis on wordplay as well

Respecting Client Autonomy: Facilitated Suicide

Respecting Client Autonomy: Facilitated Suicide Respecting client’s autonomy is the most important principle for a mental health nurse to follow The clinical entity of suicide is generally subdivided into the three sub-categories of unassisted suicide, facilitated suicide and assisted suicide. (Pabst Battin, M., 1996). The bioethical model considers each of these entities separately. The first category includes all cases where the individual has made an autonomous decision to end their life without the knowledge or assistance of any other person. The facilitated suicide is a very specific group where the victim undertakes suicide in a situation where they have been under the care of a healthcare professional who had knowledge of the potential risk and that means of either suicide prevention or intervention were available but either not used or not considered. There is a clear distinction between this group and the next to be considered, as there is not a suggestion that the healthcare professional did anything positive to assist the suicide attempt, but there is an element or suggestion of neglect or failure of duty on the part of the healthcare professional to protect the patient. (Kupfer J 1990). The assisted suicide is where either a healthcare professional or another person actively assists, either in terms of providing the actual means of death or the knowledge and guidance as to its use, in the death of another. Most arguments aimed at supporting this situation are based on an assumption of rationality and competency on the part of the victim. The majority of such situations, if analysed critically, involve severe pain, disability or occasionally stress, each element has the ability to substantially impair rational thought and decision making. (Salvatore A 2000) Bioethics is the study of value judgements pertaining to human conduct in the area of biology and medicine. It espouses a number of ethical principles which are central to the field but are overlapping, occasionally contradictory and, in the field of suicide in particular, are frankly capable of producing considerable confusion. (Donnelly, J., 1998) We shall briefly consider the main principles that are relevant to this consideration. Perhaps the most central ethical principle to consider is that of autonomy. John Stuart Mill (Mill 1982) produced on of the most celebrated treatises on autonomy, which, taken on face value, allows any individual the right to self-determination of all his actions. In most fields of medical practice the principle of autonomy is considered virtually sacrosanct and explicit personal consent is required for most procedures. (Gillon. R. 1997). The practical difficulty arises when the patient is not â€Å"competent† (a legal term – not an ethical one). The arguments that surround the issue of autonomy in relation to suicide effectively turn on this issue. Those who support the autonomous right to suicide arguing that JS Mill was right, and on the other extreme there are those who oppose it pointing out that anyone who comes to the decision to take their life is, by definition, incompetent (legal definition again) (Coulter A. 2002). Other principles help us further. The Principle of Beneficence (often referred to as the First Principle of Morality), at its most basic level requires the doing of goodness and of being good. This immediately presents the analyst with a problem because the definition of â€Å"goodness† is dependent on both environment and culture. What is considered good in one circumstance may not necessarily be good in another. Critically, beneficence implies that the healthcare professional will have carried out his duties, obligations and responsibilities in a spirit of goodness. (McMillan J 2005) If we also consider the principle of Non-maleficence. Primum non nocere, which literally means â€Å"no malice†. Carrick (P 2000) points to the fact that Hippocrates encapsulated this Principle in his dictum â€Å"first do no harm†. In its more modern interpretation, it means that not only must the healthcare professional do no harm to the patient, but, critically in this regard, they must take all necessary steps to see that no harm comes to the patient. (Dimond. B. 1999). The World Health Organisation widens this interpretation to one which includes a duty to try to minimise any harm which is unintended or accidental. (WHO 1996). There are some circumstances, and these certainly have a bearing on consideration of suicide , where, if a clinician or healthcare professional feels that they cannot do good without the possibility of doing harm, then they should take no action at all. We should note that this is primarily a theorist‘s view and, in the real world it is almost impossible to take any action that does not have the possibility of doing harm to a patient. In conclusion one can agree that, in general terms, autonomy is indeed an important principle for mental health nurse to follow but, in the case of suicide, it is not the most important principle. Mills felt that autonomy required the exhibition of respect, dignity, and choice with the latter being considered generally the most important. Healthcare professionals have to have respect for personal rights. Suicide has to be seen (generally) as the outcome of a number of processes which result in psychological debilitation. The extension of autonomy to such individuals facilitates suicide. It is generally accepted that respect for the individual patient in these circumstances is more usually demonstrated by recognising their vulnerability. It is a common finding that the principles of ethics can be antagonistic. Failure to observe one Principle in order to facilitate another does not render an action necessarily unethical. Beneficence must not be sacrificed for autonomy (Minois, G., 1999) Beneficence is about caring and not just treatment. Every attempt at intervention is warranted. The adoption of the Principle of Non-maleficence calls for the healthcare professional to do whatever is necessary to protect the patient from harm and for whatever it takes to assure the clients life. (Rich K et al. 2004) It is generally a mistake to consider that the ethical requirements and the legal requirements in these circumstances are the same. The law sets a minimum set of standards, ethics requires considerably more. We could conclude by considering the Socratic maxim which is particularly relevant here â€Å"Primum non tacere† (First, do not be silent) References Carrick P 2000 Medical Ethics in the Ancient World Georgetown University press 2000 ISBN: 0878408495 Coulter A. 2002 The autonomous patient. London: The Nuffield Trust, 2002. Dimond. B. 1999. Patients rights and responsibilities and the nurse. 2nd ed. Salisbury.: Quay Books 1999 Donnelly, J., 1998, Introduction, in Suicide:Right or Wrong?, J. Donnelly (ed.), Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus. 1998 Gillon. R. 1997. Autonomy London: Blackwell 1997 Kupfer, Joseph, 1990, Suicide: Its Nature and Moral Evaluation, Journal of Value Inquiry, 24 : 67-81. McMillan J 2005 Doing whats best and best interests BMJ, May 2005 ; 330 : 1069 ; Mill JS 1982 On Liberty, 1982, Harmondsworth: Penguin, p 68. Minois, G., 1999, History of Suicide: Voluntary Death in Western Culture. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1999 Pabst Battin, M., 1996, The Death Debate. Ethical Issues in Suicide, Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall 1996 Rich K Butts J (2004) Rational suicide: uncertain moral ground, Journal of Advanced nursing 46 (3) ; pp 270-283 Salvatore A 2000 Professional Ethics and Suicide: Toward an Ethical Typology Ethics, Law, and Ageing Review (6) pp. 257-269 WHO 1996 World Health Organisation. 1996 Ethics and health, and quality in health care–report by the director general. Geneva: WHO, 1996. (Document No. EB 97/16.) 25.4.06 PDG Word count 1,245

Age of reason Essay -- essays research papers

The Age of Reason was a period in time during the 18th century in Europe and America when man become enlightened by reason, science, and humanity. The people involved with the Age of Reason were convinced that human reason could discover the natural laws of the universe, the natural rights of mankind, and the progress in knowledge. Each philosopher had his own ideas and theories about the world, nature, and human beings in general, and every philosopher wrote many essays and books about their own personal ideas and opinions (Sartre4). David Hume was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on May 7, 1711. Educated at home and then at the University of Edinburgh; here he studies law but then decides to pursue an independent study of his own ideas (Sartre 132). From 1734 to 1737 Hume was busy writing his book, A Treatise of Human Nature, which talked about the problems of thoughtful philosophy (Hampshire 105). However, the public ignored this important piece of work making Hume feel like he was "dead-born." After this horrible reaction to A Treatise of Human Nature Hume went back home where he started thinking more about ethics and political economy. Along with these thoughts Hume wrote books expressing how he felt about these subjects (Snyder34). Essay Moral and Political was one book that enclosed an essay written by Hume dealing with ethics and political economy. Hume felt that ethical thinking was the idea of knowing right from wrong and comes about from ones own self-happiness. Benevolence was the biggest moral good as far as Hume was concerned. The unselfish understanding of anybody or anything's general welfare was very important to David Hume. Aside from that, Hume also had a great influence in the development of skep ticism and empiricism, which are two schools of philosophy (Snyder 45). David Hume's greatest influences were British philosophers John Locke and Bishop George Berkeley. Hume was able to find the differences in reason and sensation just like Berkeley, but Hume took his findings to another level. Hume was able to prove that reason and rational judgment are nothing more than usual associations of an individual's prior knowledge. (Hampshire, 115) David Hume contributed many excellent points and ideas about ethics, political economy, skepticism and empiricism, and wrote many good pieces of literature about his idea... ...). Philosopher, Friedrich Schleiermacher, had ideas dealing with a more religious aspect (Sartre 57). He believed that religion was the feeling of absolute dependence on a person. He also stated that sins were a result of the inability to make a difference between a dependence of God and the earth world (Hampshire, 170). There were many intelligent men all over the world that sat down and thought about extremely meaningful things during the Age of Reason. Their ideas and opinions are still talked about. These men are just a few of the hundreds that contributed to the age of reason whether it is a small contribution or an enormous one. Either way, the different aspects of these men have allowed people in modern times to voice their opinion and not be afraid to try, just like these men have. Works Citied Hampshire, Stuart. The Age of Reason: The Seventeenth Century Philosophers. Ayer Company Publishers, Inc. 1977 Paine, Thomas. The Age of Reason. Carol Publishing Group, 1977. Sartre, Jean-Paul. The Age of Reason Vol. 1. Trans. Eric Sutton. Vintage Books, 1973. Snyder, Louis Leo. The Age of Reason. Krieger Publishing Company, 1979.